M-ESSAY

**METHODS OF TRANSLATION**  In the field of translation, there is a large debate about the correct translation strategy chosen for the transmission of cultural contents. The two most important approaches are //domestication// and //foreignization//. The present essay aims to study how useful is the //foreignization// and //domestication// techniques in translation works, considering the point of view of some authors such as Esmail Zare-Behtash, Sepideh Firoozkoohi, and Nico Wiersema. //Domestication// and //foreignization// translations are two terms in Translation Studies created by Lawrence Venuti, both approaches take into account the influence of cultural issues on translation and consider the influence of translations on the target readers  and cultures as well. //Domestication// refers to the translation approach which intends to reduce the strangeness of the foreign text for target language readers. It means making the text well-known and consequently bringing the foreign culture closer to the reader’s one. //Foreignization// takes the reader to the foreign culture and makes him or her feel the linguistic and cultural differences.  In translation works, the two strategies are alternative to a translator, although some experts say that there is no way to consider //domestication// as a useful method.In a detailed study, Esmail Zare-Behtash and Sepideh Firoozkoohi have concluded that //domestication// has been the most diffusive cultural translation approach. The research question wanted to investigate the main cultural translation strategy of //domestication// and //foreignization//, which was composed of six of Hemingway’s works, originally written in English with their Persian translations over a moment of six decades. As it was conclued after authors’ researches, //domestication// strategy would beat //foreignization// strategy both in number of the procedures and number of application. Their sources attested that while //domestication// strategy includes twelve procedures of idiomatic translation: synonymy, limited universalization, absolute universalization, descriptive translation, adaptation, equivalence, normalization, explication, simplification, exoticism and omission, //foreignization// strategy is composed of only six procedures: namely, extra textual gloss, intratextual gloss, orthographic adaptation, repetition, calque and borrowing.  In a different point of view, we found Nico Wiersema who defends //foreignization// pointing the importance of it in a globalized world, and how it can improve people’s knowledge about cultures. He believes that due to the present tendency of globalization, the translator no longer has the complete need to for all time find a translation of a term in the target language if this would make the target-language text lose credibility.  According his studies,//foreignization// method is the best one since globalization has made this choice possible and more acceptable. As a consequence of globalization, target-language terms can be informative to the reader because they reflect the source cultures in a more real and correct manner and consequently contribute to a better understanding of it. Translation is becoming a more and more important instrument to develop understanding between cultures. Wiersema defends that in a contemporary global background we can bring more and more foreign features into a target text, and consequently maintain more of the source texts in the translation, in other words, create a target text that is not as much of foreign for the source culture. The translation transforms the contents of the text from familiarity to strangeness, so, in his conception, the approach in translation called //Foreignization// may be a solution to avoid that.  As we already said, the debate about which method is the best one has still a long discussion. The both studies presented, Esmail Zare-Behtash, Sepideh Firoozkoohi, and Wiersema one, are also applicable, so the choice for which method is the most appropriated, //Domestication// or //Foreignization//, it is up to the translator. As future translators, we must to balance the advantages of them; we can never forget that what our intention is: making the text familiar and as a result bringing the foreign culture closer to the reader’s one or taking the reader to the foreign culture and to make him or her feel the linguistic and cultural variations.